CEA is a cell adhesion molecule normally produced during fetal development. In adults, it is usually undetectable in the blood, but it may be re-expressed and elevated in certain cancers,…
Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA)
KRAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, notably in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. The KRAS gene encodes a protein that functions as a molecular…
The Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF) antigen, also known as CD176, is a disaccharide structure comprising galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr). It serves as the core 1 structure in O-linked glycosylation of proteins. In…
HER2/neu (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2)
Carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) is a tumor-associated glycoprotein frequently studied as a biomarker for cancer, particularly gastric and gynecological malignancies. Here’s a detailed overview based on current research: Overview and…