MUC1 (Mucin 1)
MUC1 (Mucin 1)
- Used for: Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer.
- Why it’s good: Overexpression of MUC1 is seen in many cancers, making it a broad biomarker.
- Limitation: It can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well.
CEA is a cell adhesion molecule normally produced during fetal development. In adults, it is usually undetectable in the blood, but it may be re-expressed and elevated in certain cancers,…
When it’s exposed, it can be detected by specific antibodies (like peanut agglutinin), and its presence is linked to disease processes. The Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) — sometimes called the…
Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA)
KRAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, notably in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. The KRAS gene encodes a protein that functions as a molecular…
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) plays a role in cancer detection because it specifically binds to the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) — a carbohydrate structure that is hidden in normal cells but exposed…
Carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) is a tumor-associated glycoprotein frequently studied as a biomarker for cancer, particularly gastric and gynecological malignancies. Here’s a detailed overview based on current research: Overview and…